(13) although a treaty was signed in july sultan mustafa iii had actually died of a heart attack in january of which meant that the war was resolved under the reign of abdul hamid the first one of sultan abdul hamid's priorities was to reform the janissary corps and all of the ottoman armed forces which he did he is also credited with the establishment of the imperial naval engineering school hamid further concentrated significant efforts on strengthening his grip over syria egypt and iraq while russia was not one of sultan hamid's preferred focuses he eventually was pushed back into war with the recurrent
adversary in after russia consistently abused their power as orthodox christianity's protector the turks were able to stand their ground fairly well at the start but with austria backing russia hamid's troops began to struggle said to have been morally defeated by the ongoing war sultan abdul hamid died in april of . salim iii took over the ottoman throne and the continuing war with russia shortly into his reign sultan saleem agreed to end yet again the russia-turkish war despite having to accept the ultimate success of the russians once the foreign conflict was settled salim set up a committee of reformers and
series of reforms relating to taxation land tenure and provincial governorships in addition to continuing the military reforms of his predecessor salim also opened ottoman embassies throughout the european capitals in order to create better relations with the west to round out the century the ottoman empire was faced with an unexpected plot twist as napoleon invaded egypt sultan saleem was forced to declare war on france and unexpectedly form an alliance with great britain and russia this new conflict would continue into the next century marking yet another era of increasing change for the ottoman empire the
th century in the ottoman empire pushed the turks into a position of desperate defensiveness and required the centuries-old conquering power to make alliances with unexpected nations in order to prevent collapse without a doubt the s marked a rapid decline for the ottoman empire and through challenge after challenge at each sultan who would take the throne over the next years going into the new century salim iii was still the sultan of the empire recently napoleon and his french troops had taken power in egypt and styled themselves as the liberators of egypt from the ottoman empire although
constant revolts and discord back home in france forced napoleon to make a subtle retreat before causing too much damage to the ottomans by the french officially pulled out of the territory allowing salim a sigh of relief although the ottoman sultan actually had a strong respect for napoleon himself in france began attempting to win over salim's support whilst russia wanted to keep the ottomans leaning to their side napoleon himself even wrote to sultan saleem referring to him as most high and invincible
prince the great emperor of the muslims and imploring him to explain why he would let the russians influence his decision the frenchman also noted that he himself recognized the title of emperor for saleem so the sultan should do the same for him in return he lastly notes that the russians have men at korfu pointing out that those troops surely were there to oppose the turks and not the french salim truly wished to grant napoleon the favor but was too intimidated by the military might of the russian british
alliance that faced the french the ottomans ultimately agreed to maintain a defensive alliance with russia until . at which point war broke out between the empires once again the russians were outraged by saleem's decision to depose his vassal states russophile governors in moldavia and wallahia meanwhile within the empire salim was faced with rebellion from his janissary and yamak troops due to his new reformist policies the sultan was eventually ousted from the throne and put into prison in . iv was assigned as saleem successor an attempt was made by reformist supporters to reinstate saleem as
sultan but mustafa ordered his assassination before anything could be done the new sultan's endeavors to undo his predecessor's reforms were cut short by saleem the third's brother mahmud ii whose supporters quickly deposed mustafa in july of and crowned mohammed in his place sultan mohammed ii wished to continue the westernization reforms of his brother but was first faced with more pressing matters the war with russia was only ended in with the treaty of bucharest and the ottomans were forced to give bessarabia or eastern part of moldova over to the russians after facing demoralizing losses the
serbian fight for autonomy shook the balkans in and the greeks were moving in the same direction themselves in greeks in the moria revolted against ottoman sovereignty triggering the start of their war for independence also a romanian uprising existed at the same time sultan mahmud initially called on the governor of egypt for help and the ottomans were temporarily able to regain control until an alliance of britain france and russia rooted the ottoman egyptian coalition at the bay of navarino in
october of . mahmud reacted by declaring war on russia as the dispute with greece continued another russo-turkish war waged on from through and the following year the ottoman empire was forced to acknowledge greek independence in the governor of egypt muhammad ali pasha confronted sultan mahmud about a promise that had been made to him earlier in which mahmud agreed to make ali the
governor of syria and tarsus mahmud refused to follow through and ali reacted by sending troops under the command of his son ibrahim pasha to seize damascus aleppo and cogna and then march towards constantinople sultan mahmud who had stunningly sacked the entire janissary corps back in now had to seek aid from foreign powers he first appealed to the british who declined due to france's support
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