(14) of the egyptians mahmud then turned to russia who agreed to an alliance still the egyptians routed the ottoman forces at nizip in june around the same time that sultan mahmud began the tanzamat reform era which brought about a more modernized and european inspired turkey before he was able to see the results of these changes though mahmud ii died of tuberculosis in the summer of abdul masid the first
replaced mahmud as the new sultan and continued the increasing reforms within the empire the year after the new young sultan took the throne the oriental crisis of occurred during the ongoing egyptian ottoman war and the entirety of the ottoman naval forces defected to muhammad ali and the egyptian cause france was ready to back the egyptians but britain russia austria and prussia came to the ottoman sultan's aid the european powers then established the convention of london in july of promising the egyptians territory in sudan egypt under the condition that those lands remain a part of the ottoman
empire though mostly as a formality muhammad ali was hesitant to accept the deal and turned to the french for support against it but his once allies now switched sides in october of that year triggering a military response against the egyptians from the ottomans and europeans finally muhammad ali agreed to his opponent's terms in november giving up syria adana crete the hijaz and the holy land in addition to handing the ottoman naval forces back over to sultan abdul masid in the ottoman empire entered the
crimean war yet another conflict with russia one of the main factors leading to the discord was further disputes surrounding the russians role as protectors of orthodox christianity in ottoman vassal states britain and france quickly backed the turks fearing the growing power of the russians meanwhile austria aligned once again with russia eventually though austria threatened to switch sides and back the ottoman cause forcing russia to accept peace terms resulting in the treaty of paris on march just before the conclusion of the war sultan abdul masid issued the hati humayan which established that all classes
and ethnicities would be treated equally in all matters within the empire in the ottoman sultan was pressured by the european powers into recognizing lebanese autonomy and died shortly after from tuberculosis abdul aziz became the next sultan of the ottoman empire after the death of his brother sultan abdul aziz continued the reforms and westernization of abdul masid taking significant advice from france on the establishment of a council of state and public education system the empire's first
civil code was also promulgated during his reign as tensions and rebellions rose in the balkans the ottomans once again became unsatisfied with russia this time due to its support of the revolts from the balkan states the russo-turkish war of to broke out with russia leading a coalition of romanian bulgarian serbian and montenegrin troops the conflict proved disastrous for the ottoman empire ending in a decisive victory for russia and its allies the formal declaration of independence from romania serbia and
montenegro the establishment of the principality of bulgaria austria-hungary's occupation of bosnia and herzegovina and britain's seizure of cyprus all confirmed by the congress of berlin in furthermore just before the main portion of the war had erupted sultan abdul aziz had actually been dethroned by his own
0 Comments